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详细内容

污水處理的六種污水處理技術

1、物理法

物理(li)法污(wu)水(shui)處理(li)就是利用(yong)物理(li)作用(yong),分離(li)污(wu)水(shui)中主(zhu)要呈(cheng)懸浮狀態的污(wu)染物,在處理(li)過程中不改變水(shui)的化學性(xing)質(zhi)。

⑴沉淀(dian)(dian)(重力(li)分(fen)離(li))污(wu)水(shui)流入池(chi)內由于流速降(jiang)低,污(wu)水(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的固(gu)體物(wu)質(zhi)在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)立的作用(yong)(yong)下進行沉淀(dian)(dian),而使固(gu)體物(wu)質(zhi)與水(shui)分(fen)離(li),這種(zhong)工藝分(fen)離(li)效(xiao)果好,簡單易行,應用(yong)(yong)廣(guang)泛(fan),如污(wu)水(shui)處理廠的沉砂池(chi)和沉淀(dian)(dian)池(chi)。沉砂池(chi)主要去(qu)除(chu)污(wu)水(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)密度較大的固(gu)體顆粒(li)物(wu),沉淀(dian)(dian)池(chi)則主要用(yong)(yong)于去(qu)除(chu)污(wu)水(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大量(liang)的呈顆粒(li)狀(zhuang)的懸浮固(gu)體。

⑵篩選(截流)利用篩濾(lv)介(jie)質截流污(wu)水中的懸浮(fu)物。屬于砂濾(lv)處(chu)理的設備有格(ge)柵、微濾(lv)機、砂濾(lv)池、真空濾(lv)機、壓濾(lv)機(后兩種主要(yao)用于污(wu)泥脫(tuo)水)等。

⑶氣(qi)浮(上(shang)浮)對 一些相對密度接近(jin)于(yu)水的細微顆粒(li),因(yin)其(qi)自重難于(yu)在水中(zhong)下沉或上(shang)浮,可采用氣(qi)浮裝置。此法(fa)將空氣(qi)打(da)入污(wu)水中(zhong),并(bing)使(shi)其(qi)以微小(xiao)氣(qi)泡的形勢由水中(zhong)析出(chu),污(wu)水中(zhong)密度近(jin)于(yu)水的微小(xiao)顆粒(li)狀(zhuang)污(wu)染雜(za)質(如(ru)乳化(hua)油(you))黏附到氣(qi)泡上(shang),并(bing)隨氣(qi)泡升至水面(mian),形成泡沫浮渣(zha)而(er)去除。根據(ju)空氣(qi)打(da)入方(fang)式的不同,氣(qi)浮設備有加(jia)壓溶汽氣(qi)浮法(fa)、葉輪氣(qi)浮法(fa)和射流氣(qi)浮法(fa)等。為提高氣(qi)浮效果,有時(shi)需(xu)要向污(wu)水中(zhong)投加(jia)混(hun)凝(ning)劑。

⑷離心(xin)與旋(xuan)流分(fen)離使(shi)含有懸(xuan)浮固(gu)(gu)體(ti)或乳(ru)化油(you)的(de)(de)污水,由于懸(xuan)浮固(gu)(gu)體(ti)和廢水的(de)(de)質量不同,受到的(de)(de)離心(xin)力(li)也(ye)不同,質量大的(de)(de)懸(xuan)浮固(gu)(gu)體(ti)被拋甩到污水外側,這(zhe)樣就可使(shi)懸(xuan)浮固(gu)(gu)體(ti)和污水分(fen)別通過各自(zi)的(de)(de)排(pai)出口排(pai)出設備之外,從而使(shi)污水得以(yi)凈化。

2、化學(xue)法

污水(shui)的化(hua)學處(chu)理(li)方法(fa)就是向污水(shui)投加(jia)化(hua)學物(wu)質,利用(yong)化(hua)學反應來分(fen)離回收污水(shui)中的污染物(wu),或是其轉化(hua)為無害物(wu)質。屬于化(hua)學處(chu)理(li)法(fa)的有以下幾種。

⑴混凝(ning)(ning)法混 凝(ning)(ning)法是向(xiang)污(wu)水(shui)中(zhong)投加一定(ding)量(liang)的(de)藥劑(ji),經過(guo)脫穩(wen)、架(jia)橋等反應(ying)過(guo)程(cheng),使污(wu)水(shui)中(zhong)的(de)污(wu)染物凝(ning)(ning)聚并沉降。水(shui)中(zhong)呈(cheng)膠(jiao)體狀態的(de)污(wu)染物質(zhi)通常帶(dai)有負電(dian)荷,膠(jiao)體顆粒(li)之間(jian)互(hu)相(xiang)排斥形成(cheng)(cheng)穩(wen)定(ding)的(de)混合液,若(ruo)水(shui)中(zhong)帶(dai)有相(xiang)反電(dian)荷的(de)電(dian)解質(zhi)(混凝(ning)(ning)劑(ji))可使污(wu)水(shui)中(zhong)的(de)膠(jiao)體顆粒(li)改變為呈(cheng)電(dian)中(zhong)性,并在分子引力作用(yong)下,凝(ning)(ning)聚成(cheng)(cheng)大顆粒(li)下沉。

⑵中(zhong)和(he)法(fa)用化學(xue)方法(fa)消除污水(shui)中(zhong)過量的(de)(de)酸和(he)堿(jian),使其pH值達到中(zhong)性(xing)左右(you)的(de)(de)過程稱為中(zhong)和(he)法(fa)。處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)含酸污水(shui)以堿(jian)作為中(zhong)和(he)劑(ji),處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)含堿(jian)污水(shui)以酸作為中(zhong)和(he)劑(ji),也可以吹入(ru)含 CO2的(de)(de)煙道氣進行中(zhong)和(he)。酸和(he)堿(jian)均指無機酸和(he)無機堿(jian),一般依照“以廢制廢”的(de)(de)原(yuan)則,亦(yi)可采(cai)用藥(yao)劑(ji)中(zhong)和(he)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li),可以連續進行,也可間歇進行。

⑶氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)還(huan)原(yuan)(yuan)法(fa)污(wu)水中呈溶(rong)解狀(zhuang)態的有(you)(you)機物(wu)和(he)無(wu)機物(wu),在投加(jia)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)劑和(he)還(huan)原(yuan)(yuan)劑后,由于電子的遷移而發(fa)生氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)和(he)還(huan)原(yuan)(yuan)作用(yong)形成無(wu)害的物(wu)質。常用(yong)的氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)劑有(you)(you)空氣(qi)中的氧(yang)(yang)、純氧(yang)(yang)、漂白 粉、臭氧(yang)(yang)、氯(lv)氣(qi)等,氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)法(fa)多用(yong)于處(chu)理(li)含(han)氰含(han)酚廢水。常用(yong)的還(huan)原(yuan)(yuan)劑則有(you)(you)鐵屑、硫(liu)酸亞鐵、亞硫(liu)酸氫鈉等,還(huan)原(yuan)(yuan)法(fa)多用(yong)于處(chu)理(li)含(han)鉻、含(han)汞廢水。

⑷電(dian)解(jie)法在(zai)廢水(shui)中(zhong)插入電(dian)極(ji)(ji)并通過電(dian)流(liu),則在(zai)陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)板上(shang)(shang)(shang)接(jie)受電(dian)子。在(zai)水(shui)的電(dian)解(jie)過程(cheng)中(zhong),陽極(ji)(ji)上(shang)(shang)(shang)產生(sheng)氧氣,陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)上(shang)(shang)(shang)產生(sheng)氫氣。上(shang)(shang)(shang)述綜合過程(cheng)使陽極(ji)(ji)上(shang)(shang)(shang)發(fa)生(sheng)氧化作用(yong)(yong)(yong),在(zai)陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)上(shang)(shang)(shang)發(fa)生(sheng)還(huan)原作用(yong)(yong)(yong)。目前電(dian)解(jie)法主要用(yong)(yong)(yong)于處理(li)含鉻及含氰廢水(shui)。

⑸吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)法污(wu) 水(shui)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)處理主要是利用(yong)(yong)(yong)固體物(wu)質表面對污(wu)水(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)污(wu)染物(wu)質的(de)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu),吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)可(ke)分為(wei)物(wu)理吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)和(he)(he)生物(wu)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)等(deng)。物(wu)理吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)是吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)劑(ji)和(he)(he)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)質之間在(zai)分子力(li)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)下(xia)產生的(de),不產生 化學變化,而化學吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)法則(ze)使吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)劑(ji)和(he)(he)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)質在(zai)化學鍵(jian)力(li)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)下(xia)起吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de),因此(ci)化學吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)選擇性較強。此(ci)外,在(zai)生物(wu)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)下(xia)也可(ke)產生生物(wu)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)。在(zai)污(wu)水(shui)處理中(zhong)(zhong)常(chang) 用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附(fu)劑(ji)有活性炭(tan)、磺化煤、硅藻土(tu)、焦炭(tan)等(deng)。

⑹化(hua)學沉(chen)淀(dian)法(fa)(fa)向污水(shui)中(zhong)投加某種化(hua)學藥劑,使它和(he)(he)某些溶解物質產生反(fan)應,生成難溶鹽沉(chen)淀(dian)下來。多用(yong)于(yu)處理含重金屬離子(zi)(zi)(zi)的工(gong)業(ye)廢水(shui)。    ⑺離子(zi)(zi)(zi)交(jiao)換法(fa)(fa)離 子(zi)(zi)(zi)交(jiao)換法(fa)(fa)在污水(shui)處理中(zhong)應用(yong)較廣。使用(yong)的離子(zi)(zi)(zi)交(jiao)換劑分(fen)為無(wu)機離子(zi)(zi)(zi)交(jiao)換法(fa)(fa)(天然沸石(shi)和(he)(he)合成沸石(shi))、有機離子(zi)(zi)(zi)交(jiao)換樹(shu)脂(zhi)(強(qiang)酸性(xing)陽(yang)離子(zi)(zi)(zi)樹(shu)脂(zhi)、弱酸性(xing)陽(yang)離子(zi)(zi)(zi)樹(shu)脂(zhi)、強(qiang) 堿(jian)性(xing)陰離子(zi)(zi)(zi)樹(shu)脂(zhi)、弱堿(jian)性(xing)陰離子(zi)(zi)(zi)樹(shu)脂(zhi)、鰲和(he)(he)樹(shu)脂(zhi)等(deng))。采(cai)用(yong)離子(zi)(zi)(zi)交(jiao)換法(fa)(fa)處理污水(shui)時,必須考慮(lv)樹(shu)脂(zhi)的選擇性(xing)。樹(shu)脂(zhi)對(dui)(dui)各(ge)種離子(zi)(zi)(zi)的交(jiao)換能力(li)是不同的,這主要取決于(yu)各(ge) 種離子(zi)(zi)(zi)對(dui)(dui)該種樹(shu)脂(zhi)親(qin)和(he)(he)力(li)的大(da)小,又稱選擇性(xing)的大(da)小,另外還要考慮(lv)到(dao)樹(shu)脂(zhi)的再生方法(fa)(fa)等(deng)。

⑻膜(mo)(mo)分(fen)(fen)(fen)離(li)法滲(shen) 析(xi)、電滲(shen)析(xi)、超濾(lv)、微濾(lv)、反(fan)滲(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)等通(tong)過一種特殊(shu)的半滲(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)膜(mo)(mo)分(fen)(fen)(fen)離(li)水中(zhong)的離(li)子和分(fen)(fen)(fen)子的技術,統稱(cheng)為膜(mo)(mo)分(fen)(fen)(fen)離(li)法。電滲(shen)析(xi)法主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)用(yong)于水的脫鹽(yan),回收某些金屬離(li)子等。反(fan)滲(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)作用(yong)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是膜(mo)(mo)表面化學本性所(suo)起的作用(yong),他分(fen)(fen)(fen)離(li)的溶質(zhi)粒徑(jing)小(xiao),除鹽(yan)率高,所(suo)需的工作壓力大(da);超濾(lv)所(suo)用(yong)的材(cai)質(zhi)和反(fan)滲(shen)透(tou)(tou)(tou)相同,但超濾(lv)是篩濾(lv)作用(yong),分(fen)(fen)(fen)離(li)溶質(zhi)粒徑(jing)大(da),透(tou)(tou)(tou)水率高,除鹽(yan)率低,工作壓力小(xiao)。

3、生物(wu)法(fa)

污水的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)物膜法(fa)(fa)(fa)就是采取一定的(de)人工措施,創造有(you)利于(yu)(yu)微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物生(sheng)(sheng)長、繁殖(zhi)(zhi)的(de)環境,使(shi)微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物大量增殖(zhi)(zhi),以(yi)(yi)提(ti)高(gao)微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物氧(yang)化、分(fen)解(jie)(jie)有(you)機污染物被降解(jie)(jie)并轉(zhuan)化為無(wu)害物質(zhi),使(shi)污水得以(yi)(yi)凈化。生(sheng)(sheng)物處(chu)理(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)可分(fen)為好氧(yang)處(chu)理(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)和厭氧(yang)處(chu)理(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)兩類。前(qian)者處(chu)理(li)效率(lv)高(gao),效果好,使(shi)用廣泛(fan),是生(sheng)(sheng)物處(chu)理(li)的(de)主要方法(fa)(fa)(fa)。屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)物處(chu)理(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)工藝有(you)以(yi)(yi)下(xia)幾種(zhong)。

⑴活(huo)性(xing)(xing)污(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)法是(shi)(shi)當前應(ying)用最廣(guang)泛的(de)(de)(de)(de)一種生物(wu)處理(li)技術。將空氣連續(xu)鼓(gu)入(ru)含(han)有(you)大量溶解有(you)機(ji)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中,經(jing)過(guo)一段時間,水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中既形成繁殖(zhi)有(you)大量好氧型(xing)微(wei)(wei)生物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)絮凝體—活(huo)性(xing)(xing)污(wu)(wu)(wu) 泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni),活(huo)性(xing)(xing)污(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)能夠(gou)吸附水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)機(ji)物(wu),生活(huo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)在(zai)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)污(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)微(wei)(wei)生物(wu)以有(you)機(ji)物(wu)為食料,獲(huo)得(de)能量,并(bing)不斷省長(chang)增殖(zhi),有(you)機(ji)物(wu)被(bei)分(fen)(fen)解、去除,使污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)得(de)以凈化。一般經(jing)曝氣池(chi)處理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)出水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)是(shi)(shi)含(han)有(you)大量活(huo)性(xing)(xing)污(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)的(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)—混合液,經(jing)沉(chen)淀分(fen)(fen)離(li),水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)被(bei)凈化排放(fang),沉(chen)淀分(fen)(fen)離(li)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)作為種泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni),部分(fen)(fen)回(hui)流(liu)到曝氣池(chi)。活(huo)性(xing)(xing)污(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)法自(zi)出現以來(lai),經(jing)過(guo)80多年的(de)(de)(de)(de)演變(bian),出現了各種活(huo)性(xing)(xing)污(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)法的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)法,但其(qi)原理(li)和工藝過(guo)程沒有(you)根本性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)改變(bian)。

⑵普通活性污(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)法這(zhe)種方法已被廣(guang)泛使用(yong),是許多污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)廠的(de)常用(yong)工(gong)藝。傳統(tong)活性污(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)法是將污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)和回(hui)流(liu)污(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)從曝氣(qi)池首段引入,呈推(tui)流(liu)式至曝氣(qi)池末(mo)端流(liu)出,此法適用(yong)于(yu)處(chu)(chu)理(li)要求高、水(shui)質較穩定的(de)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui),但對負荷(he)的(de)變動(dong)適應性較弱(ruo),后來在此基(ji)礎上產生了一些改(gai)良形式。

⑶多點(dian)進(jin)水法為了使(shi)槽(cao)內(nei)有機負(fu)荷接近一定值,把污水從幾個(ge)點(dian)分開流(liu)入,有利于解決超負(fu)荷問題(ti)。

⑷吸(xi)附(fu)再生法接(jie)觸槽內活化的(de)(de)活性污(wu)泥吸(xi)附(fu)污(wu)染物質,污(wu)泥與水分(fen)離后(hou),在曝氣槽內把吸(xi)附(fu)的(de)(de)污(wu)染物質進行氧化。該法有利于增加污(wu)水處理量,有一定的(de)(de)抗擊沖(chong)擊負荷能力(li)。

⑸延時曝(pu)氣(qi)(qi)法(fa)污(wu)水在曝(pu)氣(qi)(qi)池內延長曝(pu)氣(qi)(qi)時間,有利于完全氧化(hua),污(wu)泥(ni)量少(shao),該法(fa)適用(yong)于小型污(wu)水處理廠(chang)。

⑹厭(yan)(yan)氧(yang)-缺(que)(que)(que)氧(yang)-好(hao)(hao)氧(yang)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)污(wu)(wu)泥法(fa)(fa)(fa)在常(chang)規活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)污(wu)(wu)泥法(fa)(fa)(fa)去(qu)除(chu)有機污(wu)(wu)染物的同(tong)時,為(wei)了能有效的去(qu)除(chu)氮磷等營養物質,人們把厭(yan)(yan)氧(yang)、缺(que)(que)(que)氧(yang)、好(hao)(hao)氧(yang)狀(zhuang)況組合到活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)污(wu)(wu)泥法(fa)(fa)(fa)中,使厭(yan)(yan)氧(yang)-缺(que)(que)(que)氧(yang)-好(hao)(hao)氧(yang)狀(zhuang)況在反(fan)應曝(pu)氣(qi)池內(nei)同(tong)時存在或反(fan)復周期(qi)實(shi)現,形(xing)成了厭(yan)(yan)氧(yang)-缺(que)(que)(que)氧(yang)-好(hao)(hao)氧(yang)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)污(wu)(wu)泥法(fa)(fa)(fa)。也(ye)有的工藝流程采用(yong)厭(yan)(yan)氧(yang)-好(hao)(hao)氧(yang)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)污(wu)(wu)泥法(fa)(fa)(fa)。

⑺間(jian)歇式活性污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)法污(wu)(wu)水(shui)流(liu)至(zhi)單一反(fan)應(ying)池中(zhong)(zhong),按時間(jian)通過(guo)程(cheng)序(xu)控制各過(guo)程(cheng)。在反(fan)應(ying)池的一個工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)周期,運行程(cheng)序(xu)依次為進(jin)水(shui)、反(fan)應(ying)、沉淀(dian)、出水(shui)和(he)(he)(he)待機(ji)等過(guo)程(cheng)。該法適用于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)水(shui)量(liang)和(he)(he)(he)出水(shui)水(shui)質較高的場合,有(you)利于(yu)自動化控制;通過(guo)對運行的調整,該法也可(ke)進(jin)行除磷脫(tuo)氮和(he)(he)(he)化學處理,有(you)利于(yu)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)回用。近(jin)年(nian)來(lai),SBR工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)發(fa)展很快,尤其(qi)隨著儀(yi)表(biao)和(he)(he)(he)自控技術與裝備(bei)的發(fa)展,間(jian)歇式活性污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)法新工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)不斷涌現(xian),如CASS工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)、CAST工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)、IDEA工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)、MSBR工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)以及UNITANK工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)等。

⑻AB法(fa)該法(fa)是(shi)吸(xi)附降解工(gong)藝的(de)簡(jian)稱,屬(shu)超高負荷活性污(wu)泥(ni)法(fa),它是(shi)兩個活性污(wu)泥(ni)法(fa)的(de)串聯(lian)系統,兩者各有(you)獨立的(de)二次沉淀池。該法(fa)抗沖擊負荷能力強,有(you)利(li)(li)于(yu)除磷脫氮(dan)和化學處理(li)(li),特(te)別有(you)利(li)(li)于(yu)處理(li)(li)濃度高、水質水量(liang)變化大(da)的(de)污(wu)水。⑼氧(yang)化溝氧(yang)化溝為(wei)連續環形(xing)曝氣池,其池較長(chang),深度較淺(qian)。氧(yang)化溝系統是(shi)一種成本低廉、構造簡(jian)單易(yi)于(yu)維護管(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)處理(li)(li)技術,其出水水質好(hao),可進行(xing)脫氮(dan),有(you)利(li)(li)于(yu)延時曝氣。

4、生物膜法

使污(wu)(wu)(wu)水連續(xu)流經(jing)固體填料,在填料上就能(neng)夠形成污(wu)(wu)(wu)泥垢狀的(de)生物(wu)膜(mo)(mo),生物(wu)膜(mo)(mo)上繁殖大(da)量的(de)微生物(wu),吸附和降解水中的(de)有機(ji)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染物(wu),能(neng)起到與活性污(wu)(wu)(wu)泥同樣(yang)的(de)凈化污(wu)(wu)(wu)水作 用。從填料上脫(tuo)落下(xia)來死亡的(de)生物(wu)膜(mo)(mo)隨污(wu)(wu)(wu)水流入沉淀池,經(jing)沉淀池澄清凈化。生物(wu)膜(mo)(mo)有多種處理構筑(zhu)物(wu),如生物(wu)濾料、生物(wu)轉盤(pan)、生物(wu)接觸(chu)氧(yang)化和生物(wu)流化床(chuang)等。

⑴生物(wu)(wu)(wu)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)(chi)(chi)生 物(wu)(wu)(wu)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)(chi)(chi)是以土壤自凈原理(li)為依據發(fa)展起來的,濾(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)(chi)(chi)內有固定填(tian)料,污(wu)水流過時與濾(lv)(lv)(lv)料相接(jie)觸,微(wei)生物(wu)(wu)(wu)在濾(lv)(lv)(lv)料表面形成(cheng)生物(wu)(wu)(wu)膜。凈化污(wu)水裝置由(you)提供(gong)微(wei)生物(wu)(wu)(wu)生長息棲的濾(lv)(lv)(lv)床、布水系統以及排(pai)水系統組成(cheng)。生物(wu)(wu)(wu)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)(chi)(chi)操作簡單(dan),費用(yong)低(di),適(shi)用(yong)于(yu)中(zhong)小(xiao)城鎮和邊遠地區。生物(wu)(wu)(wu)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)(chi)(chi)分為普通生物(wu)(wu)(wu)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)(chi)(chi)、高負荷生物(wu)(wu)(wu)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)(chi)(chi)和塔式生物(wu)(wu)(wu)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)(chi)(chi)以及曝(pu)氣生物(wu)(wu)(wu)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)(chi)(chi)等。

⑵生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)轉(zhuan)盤(pan)通過(guo)傳動(dong)裝(zhuang)置驅動(dong)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)轉(zhuan)盤(pan)以一定(ding)的速度(du)在接觸反(fan)應池內轉(zhuan)動(dong),交 替的與空氣(qi)和污(wu)水接觸,每(mei)一周期完(wan)成吸附-吸氧(yang)-氧(yang)化分(fen)解的過(guo)程,通過(guo)不斷轉(zhuan)動(dong),使(shi)污(wu)水中的污(wu)染物(wu)(wu)(wu)不斷分(fen)解氧(yang)化。生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)轉(zhuan)盤(pan)流程中除了(le)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)轉(zhuan)盤(pan)外(wai),還有初次(ci) 和二(er)次(ci)沉(chen)淀池。生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)轉(zhuan)盤(pan)的適(shi)應范圍廣泛,對生(sheng)活污(wu)水和各種工業廢水都能(neng)適(shi)用,同(tong)時生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)轉(zhuan)盤(pan)的動(dong)力(li)(li)消耗(hao)低,抗沖(chong)擊負荷能(neng)力(li)(li)強,管(guan)理維護簡便(bian)。

⑶生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)接(jie)觸(chu)氧(yang)化(hua)在(zai)(zai) 池內設填料(liao),使已經充氧(yang)的(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)水浸沒全部填料(liao),填料(liao)上長滿生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)膜(mo),污(wu)(wu)水與生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)膜(mo)接(jie)觸(chu),水中的(de)(de)有機物(wu)(wu)被微生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)吸附,氧(yang)化(hua)分解和(he)轉化(hua)成(cheng)新的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)膜(mo)。從(cong)填料(liao)上脫落 的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)膜(mo)隨水流(liu)到二沉池后被去除,污(wu)(wu)水得到凈化(hua)。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)接(jie)觸(chu)氧(yang)化(hua)法對沖擊(ji)負荷有較強的(de)(de)適應(ying)能(neng)力,污(wu)(wu)泥產量少,可保(bao)證(zheng)出水水質。⑷生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)流(liu)化(hua)床采用相對密度大(da)于(yu)1的(de)(de)細小惰性(xing)(xing)顆(ke)粒,如(ru)砂、焦炭、活性(xing)(xing)炭、陶粒等作為(wei)載(zai)體(ti),微生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)在(zai)(zai)載(zai)體(ti)表面附著生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長,形成(cheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)膜(mo),充氧(yang)污(wu)(wu)水自上而下流(liu)動(dong)使載(zai)體(ti)處(chu)于(yu)流(liu)化(hua)狀體(ti),生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)膜(mo)與污(wu)(wu)水充分接(jie)觸(chu)。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)流(liu)化(hua)床處(chu)理效率高,能(neng)適應(ying)較大(da)沖擊(ji)負荷,占(zhan)地小。

5、自然生物處理法(fa)

利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)自(zi)然(ran)條件下(xia)生(sheng)長(chang)繁殖的(de)微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)來處(chu)理(li)(li)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),形成水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體-微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)-植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)組成的(de)生(sheng)態(tai)系統,對污(wu)染物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)進行(xing)一系列的(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)理(li)(li)-化(hua)學和生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)凈化(hua),可對污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)的(de)營養(yang)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)充分 利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong),有(you)利(li)于綠色植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)生(sheng)長(chang),實(shi)現污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)資源(yuan)化(hua)、無害化(hua)和穩(wen)定(ding)化(hua)。該(gai)法工藝(yi)簡單,建設(she)與運行(xing)費用(yong)(yong)(yong)都較低,效率高,是一種符合生(sheng)態(tai)原理(li)(li)的(de)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)(li)方式,但(dan)容易 受自(zi)然(ran)條件影響,占地(di)較大(da)。主要有(you)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)塘、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)塘、土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)處(chu)理(li)(li)系統以(yi)及上述工藝(yi)組合系統。穩(wen)定(ding)塘是利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)塘水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)自(zi)然(ran)生(sheng)長(chang)的(de)微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)處(chu)理(li)(li)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),而在(zai)塘中(zhong)生(sheng) 長(chang)的(de)藻類(lei)的(de)光合作用(yong)(yong)(yong)和大(da)氣氧(yang)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)向塘中(zhong)供(gong)氧(yang)。在(zai)穩(wen)定(ding)塘內(nei)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)停留(liu)時間長(chang),其生(sheng)化(hua)過程(cheng)(cheng)和自(zi)然(ran)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體凈化(hua)過程(cheng)(cheng)相似。穩(wen)定(ding)塘按其微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)反(fan)應(ying)類(lei)型(xing)分為好氧(yang)塘、兼(jian)性塘、厭(yan)氧(yang)塘和曝氣塘等。土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)處(chu)理(li)(li)是以(yi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)凈化(hua)為核心,利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤的(de)過濾截留(liu)、吸附(fu)、化(hua)學反(fan)應(ying)和沉淀及微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)分解作用(yong)(yong)(yong)處(chu)理(li)(li)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)的(de)污(wu)染物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)上生(sheng)長(chang)的(de)農作物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)可充分利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)分和營養(yang)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。如污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)農田灌溉就是一種土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)處(chu)理(li)(li)方式。

6、厭氧生(sheng)物處(chu)理法(fa)

利用兼性厭(yan)(yan)(yan)氧(yang)菌在無氧(yang)條件下降(jiang)解有(you)機污染物,主要用于處理高濃度難(nan)降(jiang)解的有(you)機工業(ye)廢水及有(you)機污泥(ni)。主要構(gou)筑物是消化池(chi),近年來在這(zhe)個領(ling)域(yu)有(you)很(hen)大(da)的發展,開創(chuang)了一(yi)系(xi)列的新型高效厭(yan)(yan)(yan)氧(yang)處理構(gou)筑物,如厭(yan)(yan)(yan)氧(yang)濾池(chi)、厭(yan)(yan)(yan)氧(yang)轉盤、上流(liu)式厭(yan)(yan)(yan)氧(yang)污泥(ni)床、厭(yan)(yan)(yan)氧(yang)流(liu)化床等高效反應裝置,該(gai)法能耗(hao)低且(qie)能產生能量,污泥(ni)量少。

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