1、含(han)(han)(han)酚(fen)(fen)(fen)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)有(you)何危(wei)害，怎(zen)樣處(chu)(chu)理(li)? 含(han)(han)(han)酚(fen)(fen)(fen)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)主要來自焦化廠(chang)、煤氣(qi)廠(chang)、石油化工廠(chang)、絕緣材(cai)料(liao)(liao)廠(chang)等工業部門以及石油裂解制乙(yi)烯(xi)、合(he)(he)成(cheng)苯(ben)酚(fen)(fen)(fen)、聚酰(xian)胺纖維、合(he)(he)成(cheng)染料(liao)(liao)、有(you)機農(nong)藥(yao)和(he)酚(fen)(fen)(fen)醛(quan)樹脂生產(chan)過程。含(han)(han)(han)酚(fen)(fen)(fen)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)中主要含(han)(han)(han)有(you)酚(fen)(fen)(fen)基化合(he)(he)物，如苯(ben)酚(fen)(fen)(fen)、甲(jia)酚(fen)(fen)(fen)、二(er)甲(jia)酚(fen)(fen)(fen)和(he)硝基甲(jia)酚(fen)(fen)(fen)等。酚(fen)(fen)(fen)基化合(he)(he)物是(shi)一種(zhong)原(yuan)生質(zhi)(zhi)毒(du)物，可使(shi)蛋(dan)白質(zhi)(zhi)凝固。水(shui)(shui)中酚(fen)(fen)(fen)的質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)達到(dao)0．1一0．2mg/L時(shi)，魚(yu)(yu)肉(rou)即(ji)有(you)異味，不能(neng)食用(yong)；質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)增(zeng)加(jia)到(dao)1mg/L，會影響魚(yu)(yu)類產(chan)卵，含(han)(han)(han)酚(fen)(fen)(fen)5—10mg/L，魚(yu)(yu)類就會大量(liang)(liang)死亡。飲用(yong)水(shui)(shui)中含(han)(han)(han)酚(fen)(fen)(fen)能(neng)影響人體健康，即(ji)使(shi)水(shui)(shui)中含(han)(han)(han)酚(fen)(fen)(fen)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)只有(you)0.002mg／L，用(yong)氯(lv)消毒(du)也會產(chan)生氯(lv)酚(fen)(fen)(fen)惡臭。通常(chang)將質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)為(wei)1000mg/L的含(han)(han)(han)酚(fen)(fen)(fen)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)．稱(cheng)為(wei)高濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)含(han)(han)(han)酚(fen)(fen)(fen)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)，這(zhe)種(zhong)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)須回收酚(fen)(fen)(fen)后，再進(jin)行(xing)處(chu)(chu)理(li)。質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)小于1000mg/L的含(han)(han)(han)酚(fen)(fen)(fen)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)，稱(cheng)為(wei)低(di)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)含(han)(han)(han)酚(fen)(fen)(fen)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)。通常(chang)將這(zhe)類廢(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)循(xun)環使(shi)用(yong)，將酚(fen)(fen)(fen)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)縮回收后處(chu)(chu)理(li)。回收酚(fen)(fen)(fen)的方法有(you)溶(rong)劑萃(cui)取法、蒸汽吹脫法、吸(xi)附(fu)法、封閉循(xun)環法等。含(han)(han)(han)酚(fen)(fen)(fen)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)度(du)在(zai)300mg/L以下的廢(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)可用(yong)生物氧(yang)化、化學(xue)氧(yang)化、物理(li)化學(xue)氧(yang)化等方法進(jin)行(xing)處(chu)(chu)理(li)后排放(fang)或回收。

2、含(han)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)怎樣治理(li)，含(han)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)化(hua)(hua)合(he)物(wu)有(you)何特(te)性(xing)(xing)(xing)? 含(han)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)主要來源于(yu)有(you)色金(jin)屬(shu)冶煉廠(chang)、化(hua)(hua)工(gong)廠(chang)、農(nong)藥(yao)廠(chang)、造(zao)紙(zhi)廠(chang)、染料廠(chang)及熱工(gong)儀器儀表(biao)廠(chang)等。從廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)中去除(chu)無(wu)(wu)機汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)有(you)硫化(hua)(hua)物(wu)沉淀法(fa)(fa)(fa)、化(hua)(hua)學凝(ning)聚法(fa)(fa)(fa)、活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)吸附怯(qie)、金(jin)屬(shu)還原法(fa)(fa)(fa)、離子交換(huan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)和微生物(wu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)等。一般偏堿性(xing)(xing)(xing)含(han)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)通常采用(yong)(yong)化(hua)(hua)學凝(ning)聚法(fa)(fa)(fa)或硫化(hua)(hua)物(wu)沉淀法(fa)(fa)(fa)處理(li)。偏酸性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)含(han)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)可用(yong)(yong)金(jin)屬(shu)還原法(fa)(fa)(fa)處理(li)。低濃度的(de)(de)含(han)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)可用(yong)(yong)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)吸附法(fa)(fa)(fa)、化(hua)(hua)學凝(ning)聚法(fa)(fa)(fa)或活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)污(wu)泥法(fa)(fa)(fa)處理(li)，有(you)機汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)較難處理(li)，通常先(xian)將有(you)機汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)氧化(hua)(hua)為無(wu)(wu)機汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，而后進(jin)行處理(li)。 各種汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)化(hua)(hua)合(he)物(wu)的(de)(de)毒(du)性(xing)(xing)(xing)差別很(hen)(hen)大(da)。元素(su)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)基(ji)本(ben)無(wu)(wu)毒(du)；無(wu)(wu)機汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中的(de)(de)升汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)是劇毒(du)物(wu)質，有(you)機汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中的(de)(de)苯基(ji)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)分(fen)解較快(kuai)，毒(du)性(xing)(xing)(xing)不大(da)；甲基(ji)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進(jin)入人體很(hen)(hen)容(rong)易被吸收(shou)，不易降解，排(pai)泄很(hen)(hen)慢，特(te)別是容(rong)易在腦中積(ji)累(lei)。毒(du)性(xing)(xing)(xing)最大(da)，如水(shui)俁病就是由甲基(ji)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中毒(du)造(zao)成的(de)(de)。

3、含(han)(han)(han)油(you)(you)(you)(you)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)有何(he)特(te)性，怎樣治理? 含(han)(han)(han)油(you)(you)(you)(you)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)主要來(lai)源(yuan)于(yu)石(shi)油(you)(you)(you)(you)、石(shi)油(you)(you)(you)(you)化工(gong)、鋼(gang)鐵、焦化、煤氣發生(sheng)站、機械(xie)加工(gong)等工(gong)業部門(men)。廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)油(you)(you)(you)(you)類污染物質(zhi)，除(chu)重焦油(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)密(mi)度為1．1以(yi)上外，其余的(de)相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)密(mi)度都小于(yu)1。油(you)(you)(you)(you)類物質(zhi)在(zai)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)通常以(yi)三(san)種狀(zhuang)態存在(zai)。(1)浮(fu)上油(you)(you)(you)(you)，油(you)(you)(you)(you)滴粒(li)徑大(da)于(yu)100µm，易于(yu)從廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)分(fen)(fen)離(li)出(chu)(chu)來(lai)。(2)分(fen)(fen)散(san)油(you)(you)(you)(you)．油(you)(you)(you)(you)滴粒(li)徑介于(yu)10一(yi)(yi)(yi)100µm之間，懇浮(fu)于(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。(3)乳化油(you)(you)(you)(you)，油(you)(you)(you)(you)滴粒(li)徑小于(yu)10µm，不(bu)易從廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)分(fen)(fen)離(li)出(chu)(chu)來(lai)。由于(yu)不(bu)同工(gong)業部門(men)排(pai)(pai)出(chu)(chu)的(de)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)含(han)(han)(han)油(you)(you)(you)(you)濃(nong)度差異很大(da)，如煉油(you)(you)(you)(you)過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)產生(sheng)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)，含(han)(han)(han)油(you)(you)(you)(you)量約為150一(yi)(yi)(yi)1000mg/L，焦化廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)焦油(you)(you)(you)(you)含(han)(han)(han)量約為500一(yi)(yi)(yi)800mg/L，煤氣發生(sheng)站排(pai)(pai)出(chu)(chu)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)焦油(you)(you)(you)(you)含(han)(han)(han)量可達2000一(yi)(yi)(yi)3000mg/L。因此，含(han)(han)(han)油(you)(you)(you)(you)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)治理應首先利用(yong)隔油(you)(you)(you)(you)池，回(hui)收浮(fu)油(you)(you)(you)(you)或(huo)重油(you)(you)(you)(you)，處理效率為60％一(yi)(yi)(yi)80％，出(chu)(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)含(han)(han)(han)油(you)(you)(you)(you)量約為100一(yi)(yi)(yi)200mg/L；廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)乳化油(you)(you)(you)(you)和分(fen)(fen)散(san)油(you)(you)(you)(you)較難處理，故應防止或(huo)減輕(qing)乳化現象。方(fang)(fang)法(fa)之一(yi)(yi)(yi)，是(shi)在(zai)生(sheng)產過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)注意減輕(qing)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)油(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)乳化；其二(er)，是(shi)在(zai)處理過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，盡量減少用(yong)泵提(ti)升廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)次數、以(yi)免(mian)增(zeng)加乳化程度。處理方(fang)(fang)法(fa)通常采用(yong)氣浮(fu)法(fa)和破乳法(fa)。

4、重(zhong)(zhong)金屬(shu)(shu)(shu)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)來(lai)(lai)源(yuan)及其(qi)(qi)(qi)處理(li)(li)原則是(shi)(shi)什么？ 重(zhong)(zhong)金屬(shu)(shu)(shu)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)主要來(lai)(lai)自礦山、冶(ye)煉、電解、電鍍、農藥、醫藥、油漆、顏料等企業排(pai)出的(de)(de)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中重(zhong)(zhong)金屬(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)種類(lei)、含量(liang)及存在(zai)形(xing)態隨不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產企業而(er)異。由于(yu)重(zhong)(zhong)金屬(shu)(shu)(shu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能分(fen)(fen)解破壞(huai)，而(er)只能轉(zhuan)移它們的(de)(de)存在(zai)位置和(he)轉(zhuan)變它們的(de)(de)物理(li)(li)和(he)化(hua)學形(xing)態。例如，經化(hua)學沉(chen)(chen)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)處理(li)(li)后，廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)金屬(shu)(shu)(shu)從(cong)溶(rong)解的(de)(de)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)形(xing)態轉(zhuan)變成難溶(rong)性化(hua)臺物而(er)沉(chen)(chen)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)下(xia)來(lai)(lai)，從(cong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中轉(zhuan)移到污泥中；經離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)交換(huan)處理(li)(li)后，廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)金屬(shu)(shu)(shu)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)轉(zhuan)移到離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)交換(huan)樹脂上(shang)，經再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)后又從(cong)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)交換(huan)樹脂上(shang)轉(zhuan)移到再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)液中。因此，重(zhong)(zhong)金屬(shu)(shu)(shu)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處理(li)(li)原則是(shi)(shi)：首先，最根本的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)改革生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產工藝．不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)用(yong)或(huo)少(shao)用(yong)毒性大的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)金屬(shu)(shu)(shu)；其(qi)(qi)(qi)次是(shi)(shi)采用(yong)合理(li)(li)的(de)(de)工藝流(liu)程、科(ke)學的(de)(de)管理(li)(li)和(he)操作，減(jian)(jian)少(shao)重(zhong)(zhong)金屬(shu)(shu)(shu)用(yong)量(liang)和(he)隨廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)失量(liang)，盡量(liang)減(jian)(jian)少(shao)外(wai)排(pai)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)。重(zhong)(zhong)金屬(shu)(shu)(shu)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)應(ying)(ying)當在(zai)產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)地點就地處理(li)(li)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)其(qi)(qi)(qi)他廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)混合，以免使(shi)處理(li)(li)復雜化(hua)。更(geng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)應(ying)(ying)當不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)經處理(li)(li)直接排(pai)入城市下(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)道，以免擴(kuo)大重(zhong)(zhong)金屬(shu)(shu)(shu)污染(ran)。對重(zhong)(zhong)金屬(shu)(shu)(shu)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)處理(li)(li)，通(tong)常可分(fen)(fen)為兩類(lei)；一是(shi)(shi)使(shi)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中呈溶(rong)解狀態的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)金屬(shu)(shu)(shu)轉(zhuan)變成不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)溶(rong)的(de)(de)金屬(shu)(shu)(shu)化(hua)合物或(huo)元素，經沉(chen)(chen)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)上(shang)浮(fu)從(cong)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中去除(chu)．可應(ying)(ying)用(yong)方法(fa)如中和(he)沉(chen)(chen)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)、硫(liu)化(hua)物沉(chen)(chen)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)、上(shang)浮(fu)分(fen)(fen)離(li)(li)法(fa)、電解沉(chen)(chen)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(或(huo)上(shang)浮(fu))法(fa)、隔膜電解法(fa)等；二(er)是(shi)(shi)將廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)金屬(shu)(shu)(shu)在(zai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)改變其(qi)(qi)(qi)化(hua)學形(xing)態的(de)(de)條件(jian)下(xia)進行濃縮(suo)和(he)分(fen)(fen)離(li)(li)，可應(ying)(ying)用(yong)方法(fa)有(you)反(fan)滲(shen)(shen)透(tou)法(fa)、電滲(shen)(shen)析法(fa)、蒸發法(fa)和(he)離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)交換(huan)法(fa)等。這些方法(fa)應(ying)(ying)根據廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)等情況單(dan)獨(du)或(huo)組合使(shi)用(yong)。

5、怎樣處(chu)理(li)(li)含氰(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)廢(fei)水(shui)? 含氰(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)廢(fei)水(shui)主要來自(zi)電鍍(du)、煤氣(qi)(qi)(qi)、焦化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、冶金、金屬加(jia)工、化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)纖、塑料、農藥、化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工等部門。含氰(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)廢(fei)水(shui)是一種(zhong)毒性(xing)(xing)(xing)較(jiao)大的(de)工業(ye)廢(fei)水(shui)，在水(shui)中不(bu)穩定，較(jiao)易于(yu)分解(jie)(jie)，無機(ji)氰(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)和有(you)(you)機(ji)氰(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)皆為劇毒性(xing)(xing)(xing)物(wu)(wu)質，人食(shi)入可引(yin)起急(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)中毒。氰(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)對(dui)人體致死量(liang)(liang)為0．18，氰(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉀為0．12g，水(shui)體中氰(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)對(dui)魚致死的(de)質量(liang)(liang)濃(nong)度為0．04一0．1mg/L。含氰(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)廢(fei)水(shui)治理(li)(li)措(cuo)施主要有(you)(you)：(1)改革工藝，減少或消除(chu)外排含氰(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)廢(fei)水(shui)，如采(cai)(cai)用(yong)無氰(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)電鍍(du)法(fa)(fa)(fa)可消除(chu)電鍍(du)車(che)間工業(ye)廢(fei)水(shui)。(2)含氰(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)量(liang)(liang)高的(de)廢(fei)水(shui)，應采(cai)(cai)用(yong)回收(shou)利用(yong)，含氰(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)量(liang)(liang)低的(de)廢(fei)水(shui)應凈化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)處(chu)理(li)(li)方可排放。回收(shou)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)有(you)(you)酸(suan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)曝氣(qi)(qi)(qi)—堿液吸(xi)收(shou)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、蒸汽解(jie)(jie)吸(xi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)等。治理(li)(li)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)有(you)(you)堿性(xing)(xing)(xing)氯(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、電解(jie)(jie)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、加(jia)壓水(shui)解(jie)(jie)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學法(fa)(fa)(fa)、生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)鐵(tie)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、硫酸(suan)亞(ya)鐵(tie)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)吹脫法(fa)(fa)(fa)等。其中堿性(xing)(xing)(xing)氯(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)法(fa)(fa)(fa)應用(yong)較(jiao)廣，硫酸(suan)亞(ya)鐵(tie)法(fa)(fa)(fa)處(chu)理(li)(li)不(bu)徹底亦不(bu)穩定，空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)吹脫法(fa)(fa)(fa)既污染大氣(qi)(qi)(qi)，出水(shui)又達(da)不(bu)到(dao)排放標準．較(jiao)少采(cai)(cai)用(yong)。

6、農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)廢水(shui)的(de)特(te)點(dian)及(ji)其(qi)處(chu)理方法(fa)是(shi)什么? 農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)品種繁多(duo)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)廢水(shui)水(shui)質復(fu)雜．其(qi)主要(yao)特(te)點(dian)是(shi)(1)污染物濃(nong)度(du)(du)較高，化學需氧量(COD)可達(da)每升(sheng)數萬mg;(2)毒(du)性(xing)大，廢水(shui)中除含有(you)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)和(he)中間體外，還含有(you)酚、砷(shen)、汞等有(you)毒(du)物質以及(ji)許多(duo)生物難以降解的(de)物質；(3)有(you)惡臭，對人的(de)呼吸道和(he)粘(zhan)膜有(you)刺激性(xing)；(4)水(shui)質、水(shui)量不穩定。因此，農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)廢水(shui)對環境的(de)污染非常(chang)嚴重。農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)廢水(shui)處(chu)理的(de)目的(de)是(shi)降低農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)生產(chan)廢水(shui)中污染物濃(nong)度(du)(du)，提(ti)高回收利用率，力求達(da)到(dao)無害(hai)化。農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)廢水(shui)的(de)處(chu)理方法(fa)有(you)活(huo)性(xing)炭吸附法(fa)、濕式氧化法(fa)、溶劑萃取法(fa)、蒸餾(liu)法(fa)和(he)活(huo)性(xing)污泥法(fa)等。但(dan)是(shi)，研制高效、低毒(du)、低殘留的(de)新農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)，這(zhe)是(shi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)發展方向。一(yi)(yi)些國家已禁止生產(chan)六六六等有(you)機氯、有(you)機汞農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)，積極(ji)研究和(he)使用微(wei)生物農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)，這(zhe)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)條(tiao)從(cong)根本上防止農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)廢水(shui)污染環境的(de)新途徑。

7、食(shi)品(pin)工業(ye)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)特點(dian)及其(qi)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)方法(fa)是什(shen)么? 食(shi)品(pin)工業(ye)原(yuan)料廣泛，制品(pin)種(zhong)類繁多，排出廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)的水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)差異很大。廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)主要污(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有(1)漂浮在廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)固體物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，如菜(cai)葉、果皮、碎肉(rou)、禽羽等(deng)(deng)；(2)懸浮在廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有油脂、蛋白質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、淀粉、膠體物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)(deng)；(3)溶解在廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的酸、堿、鹽、糖(tang)類等(deng)(deng)：(4)原(yuan)料夾帶的泥砂(sha)及其(qi)他有機(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)等(deng)(deng)；(5)致(zhi)病(bing)菌毒等(deng)(deng)。食(shi)品(pin)工業(ye)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)的特點(dian)是有機(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和懸浮物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)含量(liang)高，易腐(fu)敗，一(yi)般無大的毒性。其(qi)危害主要是使水(shui)(shui)(shui)體富營養化，以(yi)致(zhi)引起水(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)和魚類死亡，促使水(shui)(shui)(shui)底沉(chen)積的有機(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)產生(sheng)(sheng)臭味，惡化水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，污(wu)染(ran)(ran)環境。 食(shi)品(pin)工業(ye)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)除按水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)特點(dian)進行適(shi)當預處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)外，一(yi)般均宜采(cai)用生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)。如對出水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要求很高或因廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有機(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)含量(liang)很高，可(ke)采(cai)用兩級曝氣池或兩級生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)濾池，或多級生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)轉盤(pan)．或聯合(he)使用兩種(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)裝(zhuang)置，也可(ke)采(cai)用厭(yan)氧—需氧串聯的生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)系統。

8、怎樣處理造紙(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)業(ye)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)? 造紙(zhi)(zhi)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)主要來自造紙(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)業(ye)生產(chan)(chan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)漿(jiang)和抄紙(zhi)(zhi)兩個(ge)生產(chan)(chan)過程(cheng)(cheng)。制(zhi)(zhi)漿(jiang)是(shi)把(ba)植物原料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)分離出(chu)來，制(zhi)(zhi)成漿(jiang)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)，再(zai)經漂(piao)白；抄紙(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)把(ba)漿(jiang)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)稀釋、成型、壓(ya)榨、烘干，制(zhi)(zhi)成紙(zhi)(zhi)張。這兩項(xiang)工(gong)藝都排出(chu)大(da)量(liang)(liang)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)。制(zhi)(zhi)漿(jiang)產(chan)(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)，污染最為(wei)嚴重(zhong)。洗漿(jiang)時(shi)排出(chu)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)呈黑(hei)(hei)褐色(se)，稱(cheng)為(wei)黑(hei)(hei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)，黑(hei)(hei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)污染物濃度很(hen)高(gao)，BOD高(gao)達(da)(da)5—40g/L，含(han)有大(da)量(liang)(liang)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)、無(wu)機鹽和色(se)素。漂(piao)白工(gong)序排出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)也(ye)含(han)有大(da)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)酸(suan)堿物質(zhi)。抄紙(zhi)(zhi)機排出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)，稱(cheng)為(wei)白水(shui)(shui)(shui)，其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)含(han)有大(da)量(liang)(liang)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)和在生產(chan)(chan)過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)添加的(de)(de)(de)填料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)和膠料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)。造紙(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)業(ye)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)處理應(ying)著(zhu)重(zhong)于提高(gao)循環用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)率，減少(shao)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)和廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)排放量(liang)(liang)，同時(shi)也(ye)應(ying)積(ji)極探索各種可(ke)(ke)靠、經濟和能夠充(chong)分利用(yong)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有用(yong)資源的(de)(de)(de)處理方法(fa)(fa)(fa)。例(li)如浮(fu)選(xuan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)可(ke)(ke)回收白水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)性固(gu)體物質(zhi)，回收率可(ke)(ke)達(da)(da)95%，澄清水(shui)(shui)(shui)可(ke)(ke)回用(yong)；燃(ran)燒法(fa)(fa)(fa)可(ke)(ke)回收黑(hei)(hei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)氫氧(yang)化納、硫(liu)化鈉、硫(liu)酸(suan)鈉以及同有機物結合的(de)(de)(de)其他鈉鹽。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和法(fa)(fa)(fa)調節(jie)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)pH值(zhi)；混凝沉(chen)淀(dian)或浮(fu)選(xuan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)可(ke)(ke)去除廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)懸浮(fu)固(gu)體；化學沉(chen)淀(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)可(ke)(ke)脫色(se)；生物處理法(fa)(fa)(fa)可(ke)(ke)去除BOD，對牛皮紙(zhi)(zhi)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)較有效；濕式氧(yang)化法(fa)(fa)(fa)處理亞硫(liu)酸(suan)紙(zhi)(zhi)漿(jiang)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)較為(wei)成功。此外，國(guo)內外也(ye)有采用(yong)反(fan)滲透、超過濾、電滲析等處理方法(fa)(fa)(fa)。

9、怎樣處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)印(yin)(yin)染(ran)(ran)工業廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)? 印(yin)(yin)染(ran)(ran)工業用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)大，通常每印(yin)(yin)染(ran)(ran)加(jia)工1t紡織品耗水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)100一(yi)200t．其中(zhong)(zhong)80％一(yi)90％以(yi)印(yin)(yin)染(ran)(ran)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)排(pai)(pai)出。常用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)治(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)有回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)和(he)(he)無(wu)害化處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)。 回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)：(1)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)可(ke)(ke)按水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)特(te)點分別回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，如漂白煮煉(lian)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)(he)染(ran)(ran)色(se)(se)印(yin)(yin)花廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)分流，前者(zhe)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)對流洗滌．一(yi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)多用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，減少排(pai)(pai)放量(liang)；(2)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)液回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，通常采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)蒸發法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)，如堿(jian)(jian)(jian)液量(liang)大，可(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)三效蒸發回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)，堿(jian)(jian)(jian)液量(liang)小(xiao)，可(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)薄膜蒸發回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)；(3)染(ran)(ran)料回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)．如士林染(ran)(ran)料可(ke)(ke)酸(suan)化成為(wei)隱巴酸(suan)，呈膠體微(wei)粒．懸浮(fu)于(yu)(yu)殘(can)液中(zhong)(zhong)，經(jing)沉淀(dian)過濾后回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。 無(wu)害化處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)可(ke)(ke)分：(1)物(wu)理(li)(li)(li)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)有沉淀(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)(he)吸附法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)等。沉淀(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)主要去(qu)除廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)懸浮(fu)物(wu)；吸附法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)主要是去(qu)除廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)溶解(jie)的(de)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)和(he)(he)脫色(se)(se)。(2)化學處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)有中(zhong)(zhong)和(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、混凝(ning)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)(he)氧化法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)等。中(zhong)(zhong)和(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)在(zai)于(yu)(yu)調節廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)酸(suan)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)度，還(huan)可(ke)(ke)降低廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)色(se)(se)度；混凝(ning)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)在(zai)于(yu)(yu)去(qu)除廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)分散染(ran)(ran)料和(he)(he)膠體物(wu)質(zhi)；氧化法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)在(zai)于(yu)(yu)氧化廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)還(huan)原性物(wu)質(zhi)，使硫(liu)化染(ran)(ran)料和(he)(he)還(huan)原染(ran)(ran)料沉淀(dian)下來。(3)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)有活性污(wu)泥、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)轉盤、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)轉筒和(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)接(jie)觸氧化法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)等。為(wei)了提高出水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)，達到排(pai)(pai)放標(biao)準或回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)要求．往往需要采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)幾(ji)種方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)聯合處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)

10、怎(zen)樣處(chu)理染料生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)廢(fei)水(shui)? 染料生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)廢(fei)水(shui)含有酸、堿、鹽、鹵素、烴、胺(an)類、硝基物(wu)和(he)(he)染料及(ji)其中(zhong)間體等物(wu)質(zhi)，有的還含有吡(bi)啶(ding)、氰、酚(fen)、聯苯胺(an)以及(ji)重金屬汞(gong)、鎘、鉻等。這些(xie)廢(fei)水(shui)成(cheng)(cheng)分復雜．具有毒性，較難處(chu)理。因此染料生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)廢(fei)水(shui)的處(chu)理．應根據廢(fei)水(shui)的特性和(he)(he)對它的排放要求．選(xuan)用適當的處(chu)理方法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。例如：去(qu)除(chu)固體雜質(zhi)和(he)(he)無(wu)機物(wu)，可(ke)采用混(hun)凝(ning)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)(he)過(guo)濾法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)；去(qu)除(chu)有機物(wu)和(he)(he)有毒物(wu)質(zhi)主要采用化(hua)學氧化(hua)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)(he)反(fan)滲(shen)透(tou)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)等；脫色一般可(ke)采用混(hun)凝(ning)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)(he)吸附法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)組成(cheng)(cheng)的工藝流程，去(qu)除(chu)重金屬可(ke)采用離(li)子(zi)交換法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)等。

11、怎樣處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)? 化(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)來自(zi)石油(you)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)、煤炭(tan)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)、酸堿工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)、化(hua)(hua)肥(fei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)、塑料工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)、制藥工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)、染(ran)料工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)、橡膠(jiao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)等排出的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產廢(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。化(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)污(wu)染(ran)防治的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)措施(shi)是：首先應改革生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝和(he)(he)(he)設備(bei)，減少污(wu)染(ran)物(wu)，防止廢(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)外(wai)排，進行綜合利(li)用(yong)和(he)(he)(he)回(hui)收；必(bi)須外(wai)排的(de)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，其處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)程度應根據水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)選擇(ze)。一級處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)分(fen)離水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)的(de)懸浮固體物(wu)、膠(jiao)體物(wu)、浮油(you)或重油(you)等。可采(cai)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)調節、自(zi)然(ran)沉淀、上浮和(he)(he)(he)隔油(you)等方法。二級處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)是去除可用(yong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)降解的(de)有(you)(you)機溶(rong)解物(wu)和(he)(he)(he)部(bu)分(fen)膠(jiao)體物(wu)，減少廢(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)(hua)需(xu)(xu)氧(yang)量(liang)和(he)(he)(he)部(bu)分(fen)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)需(xu)(xu)氧(yang)量(liang)，通常(chang)采(cai)用(yong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)法處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)。經生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)后的(de)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)，還殘存相當數量(liang)的(de)COD，有(you)(you)時有(you)(you)較(jiao)高的(de)色(se)、嗅、味，或因環境(jing)衛生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)標準要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)高，則需(xu)(xu)采(cai)用(yong)三級處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)方法進一步凈化(hua)(hua)。三級處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)是去除廢(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)難(nan)以生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)降解的(de)有(you)(you)機污(wu)染(ran)物(wu)和(he)(he)(he)溶(rong)解性(xing)無機污(wu)染(ran)物(wu)。常(chang)用(yong)的(de)方法有(you)(you)活性(xing)炭(tan)吸附(fu)法和(he)(he)(he)臭氧(yang)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)法，也可采(cai)用(yong)離子交(jiao)換和(he)(he)(he)膜分(fen)離技術等。各種化(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)可根據不同(tong)的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)和(he)(he)(he)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)后外(wai)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)的(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，選用(yong)不同(tong)的(de)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)方法。

12、酸(suan)(suan)(suan)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特性及其處理(li)(li)原則是(shi)(shi)什么? 酸(suan)(suan)(suan)性廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)來自鋼(gang)鐵廠(chang)(chang)、化工(gong)廠(chang)(chang)、染料廠(chang)(chang)、電鍍廠(chang)(chang)和(he)(he)礦山等，其中(zhong)含(han)有(you)(you)(you)各(ge)種有(you)(you)(you)害(hai)物(wu)質或重金屬鹽類。酸(suan)(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質量(liang)(liang)分數差別很大，低(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)小于(yu)(yu)1％，高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大于(yu)(yu)10％。堿(jian)(jian)(jian)性廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)來自印(yin)染廠(chang)(chang)、皮革廠(chang)(chang)、造紙廠(chang)(chang)、煉油廠(chang)(chang)等。其中(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)有(you)(you)(you)機堿(jian)(jian)(jian)或含(han)無機堿(jian)(jian)(jian)。堿(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質量(liang)(liang)分數有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)于(yu)(yu)5％，有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)低(di)(di)于(yu)(yu)1％。酸(suan)(suan)(suan)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)，除含(han)有(you)(you)(you)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)外(wai)，常含(han)有(you)(you)(you)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)式(shi)(shi)鹽、堿(jian)(jian)(jian)式(shi)(shi)鹽以及其他無機物(wu)和(he)(he)有(you)(you)(you)機物(wu)。 酸(suan)(suan)(suan)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)具有(you)(you)(you)較(jiao)強的(de)(de)(de)(de)腐蝕性，需經適當治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)方可外(wai)排。治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)一股原則是(shi)(shi)：(1)高(gao)濃(nong)度(du)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)，應優先(xian)考慮(lv)回(hui)收利用(yong)(yong)(yong)，根(gen)據水(shui)(shui)(shui)質、水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)和(he)(he)不(bu)同工(gong)藝要(yao)(yao)求，進(jin)(jin)行(xing)廠(chang)(chang)區或地區性調度(du)，盡(jin)量(liang)(liang)重復使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)：如重復使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)有(you)(you)(you)困難，或濃(nong)度(du)偏低(di)(di)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)較(jiao)大，可采用(yong)(yong)(yong)濃(nong)縮的(de)(de)(de)(de)方法回(hui)收酸(suan)(suan)(suan)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)。(2)低(di)(di)濃(nong)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)，如酸(suan)(suan)(suan)洗(xi)槽的(de)(de)(de)(de)清洗(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)，堿(jian)(jian)(jian)洗(xi)槽的(de)(de)(de)(de)漂(piao)洗(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)，應進(jin)(jin)行(xing)中(zhong)和(he)(he)處理(li)(li)。 對(dui)于(yu)(yu)中(zhong)和(he)(he)處理(li)(li)，應首先(xian)考慮(lv)以廢(fei)(fei)治(zhi)(zhi)廢(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原則。如酸(suan)(suan)(suan)、堿(jian)(jian)(jian)廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)相互中(zhong)和(he)(he)或利用(yong)(yong)(yong)廢(fei)(fei)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(渣)中(zhong)和(he)(he)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)性廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)，利用(yong)(yong)(yong)廢(fei)(fei)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)中(zhong)和(he)(he)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)性廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)。在(zai)沒有(you)(you)(you)這(zhe)些條件時，可采用(yong)(yong)(yong)中(zhong)和(he)(he)劑處理(li)(li)。

13、選(xuan)(xuan)礦(kuang)(kuang)廢(fei)水中(zhong)含(han)有(you)(you)(you)哪些浮(fu)(fu)選(xuan)(xuan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)(ji)，怎樣處理(li)? 選(xuan)(xuan)礦(kuang)(kuang)廢(fei)水具有(you)(you)(you)水量大，懸(xuan)浮(fu)(fu)物(wu)(wu)含(han)量高，含(han)有(you)(you)(you)害物(wu)(wu)質種類較多的特點(dian)。其有(you)(you)(you)害物(wu)(wu)質是重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬離子和(he)(he)選(xuan)(xuan)礦(kuang)(kuang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)(ji)。重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬離子有(you)(you)(you)銅、鋅、鉛、鎳、鋇(bei)、鎘(ge)以及(ji)砷和(he)(he)稀(xi)有(you)(you)(you)元素(su)等。在選(xuan)(xuan)礦(kuang)(kuang)過程中(zhong)加(jia)入的浮(fu)(fu)選(xuan)(xuan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)(ji)有(you)(you)(you)如(ru)(ru)下幾(ji)類：(1)捕集(ji)劑(ji)(ji)．如(ru)(ru)黃藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(RocssMe)、黑(hei)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)[(RO)2PSSMe]、白藥(yao)(yao)(yao)[CS(NHC6H5)2]；(2)抑制刑，如(ru)(ru)氰(qing)(qing)鹽(KCN，NaCN)、水玻璃(Na2SiO3)；(3)起泡劑(ji)(ji)，如(ru)(ru)松節油、甲酚(C6H4CH30H)；(4)活性刑，如(ru)(ru)硫(liu)酸銅(CuS04)、重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬鹽類；(5)硫(liu)化劑(ji)(ji)，如(ru)(ru)硫(liu)化鈉(na)；(6)礦(kuang)(kuang)槳調節劑(ji)(ji)，如(ru)(ru)硫(liu)酸、石(shi)灰(hui)等。選(xuan)(xuan)礦(kuang)(kuang)廢(fei)水主(zhu)要通過尾礦(kuang)(kuang)壩可(ke)(ke)有(you)(you)(you)效地去除廢(fei)水中(zhong)懸(xuan)浮(fu)(fu)物(wu)(wu)，重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬和(he)(he)浮(fu)(fu)選(xuan)(xuan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)(ji)含(han)量也可(ke)(ke)降低。如(ru)(ru)達不到排放要求時，應作進一步處理(li)，常用(yong)的處理(li)方法有(you)(you)(you)：(1)去除重(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬可(ke)(ke)采用(yong)石(shi)灰(hui)中(zhong)和(he)(he)法和(he)(he)焙燒白云石(shi)吸附法；(2)主(zhu)除浮(fu)(fu)選(xuan)(xuan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)(ji)可(ke)(ke)采用(yong)礦(kuang)(kuang)石(shi)吸附法、活性炭吸附法；(3)含(han)氰(qing)(qing)廢(fei)水可(ke)(ke)采用(yong)化學氧化法。

14、冶(ye)(ye)金廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)可分(fen)(fen)為幾類，其治理(li)發(fa)展趨向是(shi)什么? 冶(ye)(ye)金廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)特(te)點是(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量大、種類多、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質復雜多變。按廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)來源和(he)特(te)點分(fen)(fen)類，主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)(you)冷卻(que)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、酸洗(xi)廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、洗(xi)滌廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(除塵(chen)、煤(mei)氣或(huo)煙氣)、沖渣(zha)廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、煉(lian)焦廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)以及(ji)由生產中凝結(jie)、分(fen)(fen)離或(huo)溢出的(de)(de)(de)廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)等(deng)。冶(ye)(ye)金廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)治理(li)發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)趨向是(shi)：(1)發(fa)展和(he)采用(yong)不用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)或(huo)少(shao)(shao)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)及(ji)無(wu)污染或(huo)少(shao)(shao)污染的(de)(de)(de)新工藝、新技術，如(ru)用(yong)干法熄焦，煉(lian)焦煤(mei)預(yu)熱，直(zhi)接從(cong)焦爐煤(mei)氣脫硫脫氰等(deng)；(2)發(fa)展綜合利(li)用(yong)技術，如(ru)從(cong)廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)廢(fei)(fei)氣中回(hui)收有(you)(you)用(yong)物質和(he)熱能，減少(shao)(shao)物料(liao)燃料(liao)流(liu)失(shi)，(3)根(gen)據不同水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質要(yao)求，綜合平衡，串(chuan)流(liu)使用(yong)，同時改進水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質穩(wen)定(ding)措(cuo)施，不斷(duan)提高水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)循環利(li)用(yong)率；(4)發(fa)展適合冶(ye)(ye)金廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)特(te)點的(de)(de)(de)新的(de)(de)(de)處理(li)工藝和(he)技術，如(ru)用(yong)磁法處理(li)鋼鐵廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)．具有(you)(you)效(xiao)率高，占地少(shao)(shao)，操作(zuo)管理(li)方便等(deng)優點。

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