農業面源污染，是指農業生產過程中由于化肥、農藥、地膜等化學投入品不合理使用，以及畜禽水產養殖廢棄物、農作物秸桿等處理不及時或不當，所產生的氮、磷、有機質等營養物質，在降雨和地形的共同驅動下，以地表、地下徑流和土壤侵蝕為載體，在土壤中過量累積或進入受納水體，對生態環境造成的污染。

農(nong)(nong)(nong)業面源(yuan)(yuan)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)具有(you)(you)以(yi)下特點∶一是(shi)分散性。固(gu)定(ding)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)源(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)(tong)常(chang)(chang)具有(you)(you)明確(que)的(de)坐標和(he)排污(wu)(wu)口，而(er)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業面源(yuan)(yuan)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)來源(yuan)(yuan)分散、多樣，沒有(you)(you)明確(que)的(de)排污(wu)(wu)口，地(di)理邊界(jie)和(he)位置難以(yi)識別和(he)確(que)定(ding)，無(wu)法開展(zhan)有(you)(you)效(xiao)的(de)監測。二是(shi)不(bu)(bu)確(que)定(ding)性。固(gu)定(ding)源(yuan)(yuan)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)排放通(tong)(tong)常(chang)(chang)具有(you)(you)明確(que)的(de)時(shi)間規律，容(rong)易確(que)定(ding)排放量(liang)和(he)組分，而(er)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業面源(yuan)(yuan)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)的(de)發(fa)生受(shou)(shou)自然地(di)理條件、水(shui)文氣候特征等因素(su)(su)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)，污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)向土(tu)壤和(he)受(shou)(shou)納水(shui)體運移過程中(zhong)，呈(cheng)現時(shi)間上的(de)隨機性和(he)空間上的(de)不(bu)(bu)確(que)定(ding)性。三是(shi)滯后性。固(gu)定(ding)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)源(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)(tong)過管道(dao)直排進(jin)入環(huan)(huan)境(jing)，能夠(gou)對環(huan)(huan)境(jing)質量(liang)產生直接影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)，而(er)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業面源(yuan)(yuan)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)受(shou)(shou)到生物(wu)(wu)(wu)地(di)球化學轉化和(he)水(shui)文傳輸過程的(de)共同影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)業生產殘留的(de)氮(dan)磷(lin)等營養(yang)元素(su)(su)通(tong)(tong)常(chang)(chang)會在土(tu)壤中(zhong)累積，并緩慢地(di)向外(wai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)釋放，對受(shou)(shou)納水(shui)體環(huan)(huan)境(jing)質量(liang)的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)存在滯后性。四是(shi)雙重(zhong)性。固(gu)定(ding)源(yuan)(yuan)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)成(cheng)分復雜，常(chang)(chang)含有(you)(you)重(zhong)金屬(shu)、持久性有(you)(you)機污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)等有(you)(you)害物(wu)(wu)(wu)質，往往直接對人體和(he)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)造成(cheng)嚴重(zhong)損壞，而(er)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業面源(yuan)(yuan)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)以(yi)氮(dan)、磷(lin)營養(yang)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質為主，利(li)用(yong)好(hao)了對農(nong)(nong)(nong)業生產是(shi)一種(zhong)資源(yuan)(yuan)，只有(you)(you)進(jin)入受(shou)(shou)納水(shui)體或(huo)在土(tu)壤中(zhong)過量(liang)累積，才是(shi)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)。

我國農(nong)(nong)業(ye)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)仍(reng)任重(zhong)道遠(yuan)。一是源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)頭防(fang)控壓(ya)力大。相比(bi)于工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)、城市污(wu)(wu)染(ran)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)，農(nong)(nong)業(ye)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)起(qi)步晚、投入(ru)少、歷史欠(qian)賬(zhang)多，面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)臨著既要還舊賬(zhang)、又不(bu)欠(qian)新賬(zhang)的雙重(zhong)壓(ya)力，農(nong)(nong)業(ye)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的形勢依然(ran)嚴(yan)峻(jun)。二(er)是法規(gui)標準體系(xi)不(bu)完善。農(nong)(nong)業(ye)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)相關統計數據分散，調查、評(ping)估(gu)和監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)等技術規(gui)范尚不(bu)健(jian)全，污(wu)(wu)染(ran)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)設(she)(she)施建設(she)(she)、驗收、運(yun)維等規(gui)范管理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)有待加強(qiang)。三(san)是環境(jing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)基礎薄弱。農(nong)(nong)田尺度面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)網(wang)絡雖已建成運(yun)行，但流域—區(qu)域尺度監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)網(wang)絡尚未(wei)形成，無法及(ji)時(shi)掌握農(nong)(nong)業(ye)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)狀況(kuang)和變(bian)化情況(kuang)。四是監(jian)(jian)(jian)管能(neng)(neng)力亟待提升(sheng)。監(jian)(jian)(jian)督指導農(nong)(nong)業(ye)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的機構還不(bu)健(jian)全，人才隊伍建設(she)(she)欠(qian)缺(que)(que)，專業(ye)支(zhi)撐保障能(neng)(neng)力薄弱，缺(que)(que)乏科學評(ping)估(gu)及(ji)可(ke)量化、可(ke)操作(zuo)(zuo)的考核(he)體系(xi)。

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