居民住宅應如何防范電氣火災
配電盤的布置。
配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)盤(pan)上裝(zhuang)有熔(rong)斷器，在熔(rong)斷器中以(yi)(yi)(yi)安(an)裝(zhuang)有保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險絲(si)(si)，當通過保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險絲(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流超(chao)過允許(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全數值時它(ta)(ta)就會(hui)熔(rong)斷，因此不(bu)(bu)(bu)能將配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)盤(pan)布置在堆放(fang)有可(ke)(ke)燃物品的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上方，防止熾熱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)珠落后將物品引燃。保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險絲(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流通常為額定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1.5—2.0倍，對家(jia)庭中正常用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時各用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器總(zong)功率(lv)之和不(bu)(bu)(bu)超(chao)過去時1100瓦的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)擇(ze)5安(an)培的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險絲(si)(si)就可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)了(le)，當通過它(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流超(chao)過7安(an)培時就會(hui)自(zi)動(dong)熔(rong)斷達到(dao)(dao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。如果選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險符合規(gui)格但又經常熔(rong)斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源線路或用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器具有音量，應及時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)查找(zhao)原因清除隱患，切(qie)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)隨(sui)意更換(huan)粗保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險絲(si)(si)或干(gan)脆用(yong)(yong)銅、鐵絲(si)(si)代(dai)替使熔(rong)斷器起不(bu)(bu)(bu)到(dao)(dao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)作用(yong)(yong)。對單相電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)度表(biao)(biao)選(xuan)擇(ze)也要(yao)參(can)照(zhao)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)總(zong)功率(lv)，只要(yao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時通過它(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總(zong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流不(bu)(bu)(bu)超(chao)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)表(biao)(biao)自(zi)身的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)額定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流就可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)了(le)另外有條件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)家(jia)庭還可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)安(an)裝(zhuang)漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)器，當家(jia)庭中發生(sheng)人員觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)事故時它(ta)(ta)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)及時動(dong)作并切(qie)斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流。
電線的選擇。
目前很多家庭使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路大多還是十幾(ji)年(nian)前或更(geng)(geng)早建房時(shi)敷設的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，與(yu)現代(dai)家庭電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求不相適(shi)應。首(shou)先是電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)絕(jue)緣(yuan)層(ceng)(ceng)經(jing)過十幾(ji)年(nian)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)逐漸松散老(lao)化會造成(cheng)輕(qing)微漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，嚴(yan)重時(shi)會造成(cheng)短路起火，因(yin)此要(yao)(yao)更(geng)(geng)換電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。還有用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)荷(he)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)示(shi)，如果家中電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安全用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量在(zai)于2200瓦（10安培），晚上同時(shi)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)燈、電(dian)(dian)(dian)視(shi)、空調等(deng)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量達到(dao)達2100瓦，此時(shi)再使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)一個(ge)功率(lv)為500瓦的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)熨斗電(dian)(dian)(dian)路就超(chao)負(fu)荷(he)了，如果再使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)微波(bo)爐(lu)就更(geng)(geng)加危(wei)險了。在(zai)過負(fu)荷(he)情況下使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)絕(jue)緣(yuan)層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)老(lao)化速度會快(kuai)，如果線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)芯放出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)量使(shi)(shi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫度超(chao)過250℃電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)就會著火，因(yin)此對電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選擇(ze)要(yao)(yao)考慮用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，然(ran)后(hou)加以(yi)確(que)定。最后(hou)還要(yao)(yao)根據環境正確(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選擇(ze)導線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)類型(xing)，在(zai)干燥的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)屋子里(li)可(ke)以(yi)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)一般絕(jue)緣(yuan)導線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，而在(zai)潮濕的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)屋子里(li)則要(yao)(yao)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)有保(bao)護(hu)層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絕(jue)緣(yuan)導線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，如鋁皮線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、塑料護(hu)套線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等(deng)，對經(jing)常移動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設備要(yao)(yao)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)軟線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等(deng)等(deng)。
合理的布置電線。
某戶(hu)居民信進(jin)剛(gang)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)修過的(de)住宅不久便發(fa)生了(le)火災，后業經變定是在(zai)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)修時民工將電(dian)線(xian)直接(jie)敷(fu)(fu)設在(zai)墻(qiang)(qiang)裙(qun)里，電(dian)線(xian)短路引燃(ran)(ran)了(le)墻(qiang)(qiang)裙(qun)。對(dui)電(dian)線(xian)采取(qu)明敷(fu)(fu)時要防止(zhi)(zhi)絕緣(yuan)層受損，通過可(ke)燃(ran)(ran)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)物表面時要穿(chuan)輕質阻燃(ran)(ran)套，有吊項的(de)房間其吊頂內(nei)的(de)電(dian)線(xian)應采用金屬管配線(xian)。對(dui)于需要穿(chuan)過墻(qiang)(qiang)壁(bi)的(de)電(dian)線(xian)為了(le)防止(zhi)(zhi)絕緣(yuan)層破損應將硬塑料管砌(qi)于墻(qiang)(qiang)內(nei)，兩端出口(kou)伸出墻(qiang)(qiang)面約1厘米(mi)。
正確的使用家用電器。
對(dui)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)視機、收錄機等家用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)使用完(wan)畢后(hou)不(bu)僅要將其(qi)本身開(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)關(guan)(guan)(guan)閉(bi)，同時(shi)還應(ying)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源插頭(tou)拔下(xia)。這是(shi)因為有不(bu)少用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)其(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源開(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)設(she)計在(zai)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)副(fu)邊，插頭(tou)未(wei)斷變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)內部的線(xian)圈和絕(jue)緣層便(bian)會短(duan)路(lu)或炭化而起火(huo)。另(ling)外，我國(guo)各地(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)肉電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)波動較(jiao)大，在(zai)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)低(di)谷(gu)時(shi)220伏(fu)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)其(qi)值(zhi)高(gao)時(shi)可達(da)到250伏(fu)，對(dui)一些電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)被(bei)(bei)擊(ji)(ji)耐壓(ya)值(zhi)不(bu)夠(gou)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)就會發(fa)生因電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容被(bei)(bei)擊(ji)(ji)穿而導致燒(shao)毀的現象(xiang)，為此應(ying)在(zai)線(xian)路(lu)中增設(she)穩(wen)壓(ya)裝置。
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